{"id":62415,"date":"2022-11-04T13:38:33","date_gmt":"2022-11-04T12:38:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thedigitalnewdeal.org\/?p=62415"},"modified":"2022-12-08T14:05:38","modified_gmt":"2022-12-08T13:05:38","slug":"definir-les-normes-pas-les-subir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thedigitalnewdeal.org\/en\/definir-les-normes-pas-les-subir\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9finir les normes, pas les subir."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;80&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;7&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;7&#8243; width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h1&#8243; text_size=&#8221;bigtext&#8221; text_weight=&#8221;400&#8243; text_transform=&#8221;uppercase&#8221; subheading=&#8221;04\/07\/2022&#8243;]D\u00e9finir les normes, pas les subir.[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thedigitalnewdeal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/the_digital_new_deal-org-Julien-Chiaroni-Color.jpg\" alt=\"Julien Chiaroni, Confiance.AI (Grand D\u00e9fi IA)\" width=\"160\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julien Chiaroni, Confiance.AI (Grand D\u00e9fi IA)\u00bb<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thedigitalnewdeal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/the_digital_new_deal-org-Patrick-Bezombes-Color.jpg\" alt=\"Patrick Bezombes, Pre\u0301sident du comite\u0301 de normalisation IA et Big Data\" width=\"160\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick Bezombes, Pre\u0301sident du comite\u0301 de normalisation IA et Big Data<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Certains acteurs politiques et industriels critiquent la normalisation, allant pour les Britanniques jusqu\u2019\u00e0 justifier du Brexit du fait des contraintes normatives Europ\u00e9ennes et du besoin de souverainet\u00e9. C\u2019est oublier un peu rapidement que la normalisation est d\u2019une part essentielle \u00e0 la construction de la confiance et aux \u00e9changes \u00e9conomiques dans les pays modernes, et d\u2019autre part que la normalisation est le r\u00e9sultat d\u2019un consensus auquel chaque acteur peut contribuer. De fait, la normalisation n\u2019est pas un objet \u00e9th\u00e9r\u00e9 qui tombe du ciel, mais le r\u00e9sultat d\u2019un processus ouvert \u00e0 toutes les organisations.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nLa commission europ\u00e9enne par les voix d\u2019Ursula van der Leyen et de Thierry Breton a rappel\u00e9 que la normalisation technique est strat\u00e9gique et a un impact significatif sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie Europ\u00e9enne. Ce discours constitue une rupture par rapport \u00e0 la politique pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente qui laissait au march\u00e9 et aux entreprises le soin de d\u00e9finir les normes volontaires qui les r\u00e9gissent et impactent la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Europ\u00e9enne.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nDans le num\u00e9rique tout particuli\u00e8rement, les entreprises les plus actives en mati\u00e8re de normalisation sont des entreprises non-europ\u00e9ennes qui v\u00e9hiculent des approches non n\u00e9cessairement conformes aux int\u00e9r\u00eats Europ\u00e9ens. Ainsi, la question de la souverainet\u00e9 des normes qui s\u2019appliquent au tissu \u00e9conomique et soci\u00e9tal europ\u00e9en se pose. Dans ce cadre, sur le sujet de l\u2019IA comme sur les autres, la nouvelle doctrine Europ\u00e9enne consiste d\u00e9sormais \u00e0 ne pas subir les normes mais \u00e0 les d\u00e9finir : \u00ab We want to be a global standard-setter, not a standard-taker \u00bb(Thierry Breton). Cette approche volontariste par la norme, et sur la norme, passe imp\u00e9rativement par un renforcement de l\u2019influence Europ\u00e9enne dans les organes de normalisation pour prot\u00e9ger et faire valoir les int\u00e9r\u00eats, les principes et les valeurs Europ\u00e9ennes en s\u2019assurant de leur bonne transcription dans les normes technologiques internationales.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nCertains observateurs ont en effet constat\u00e9 une perte d\u2019influence des entreprises europe\u0301ennes qui laisse la place aux ge\u0301ants supranationaux du num\u00e9rique, ainsi qu\u2019aux strate\u0301gies tr\u00e8s volontaristes chinoises et am\u00e9ricaines. Les enjeux se situent tr\u00e8s en profondeur : l\u2019approche chinoise pousse ainsi a\u0300 la rede\u0301finition des standards internationaux gra\u0302ce a\u0300 la puissance de ses acteurs nume\u0301riques. On pense ici a\u0300 l\u2019action de Huawei pour modifier le protocole Internet avec sa &#8220;New IP Initiative&#8221;. Quelles sont les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques, industrielles, soci\u00e9tales, g\u00e9opolitiques d\u2019une telle proposition ? Quels sont les risques sur la souverainet\u00e9 Europ\u00e9enne ? Quelles sont les d\u00e9pendances qui pourraient r\u00e9sulter de cette initiative ?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nComme mentionn\u00e9 dans le rapport du think-tank Digital New Deal \u00ab IA de confiance : opportunit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique pour une souverainet\u00e9 industrielle et num\u00e9rique \u00bb, le choix, adopte\u0301 par la Commission europe\u0301enne dans le domaine de l\u2019IA, replace les normes au c\u0153ur d\u2019un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de confiance a\u0300 la fois pour le futur marche\u0301 europe\u0301en de l\u2019IA, mais aussi pour la confiance des citoyens europe\u0301ens. Le futur cadre r\u00e8glementaire Europ\u00e9en portera sur les syste\u0300mes d\u2019IA a\u0300 haut risque qui seront soumis a\u0300 des exigences re\u0301glementaires et a\u0300 un examen de conformite\u0301. Ces exigences obligatoires, portant notamment sur des attributs de la confiance comme la robustesse, la supervision humaine, la transparence\u2026, d\u00e9finis par des normes europ\u00e9ennes dites \u00ab harmonise\u0301es \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire publi\u00e9es au Journal Officiel Europ\u00e9en. La conformit\u00e9 aux normes europ\u00e9ennes constituera une pr\u00e9somption de conformit\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e8glementation europ\u00e9enne, c\u2019est dire toute l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat qu\u2019il convient d\u2019y porter.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nLe de\u0301bat entre la normalisation horizontale et la normalisation sectorielle (ou me\u0301tier) n\u2019est pas nouveau. Historiquement les diffe\u0301rents secteurs d\u2019activite\u0301s n\u2019ont d\u2019ailleurs que peu d\u2019interactions : les spe\u0301cificite\u0301s sectorielles l\u2019emportant largement, une approche en silo est pre\u0301fe\u0301re\u0301e par de\u0301faut. Ne\u0301anmoins, une fois pose\u0301 le postulat suivant sur l\u2019IA : \u00ab une technologie a\u0300 vocation transversale ne peut e\u0302tre efficacement re\u0301glemente\u0301e que par des re\u0300gles horizontales qui fournissent des solutions aux de\u0301fis communs. \u00bb (Thierry Breton), la question de l\u2019articulation entre normalisation horizontale et sectorielle devient incontournable.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nLes proble\u0301matiques de positions dominantes de certains acteurs du nume\u0301rique, pre\u0301sentant l\u2019avantage concurrentiel d\u2019e\u0302tre par nature multisectoriels, doivent \u00e9galement \u00eatre analys\u00e9es. Dans ce contexte, la coope\u0301ration entre diffe\u0301rentes filie\u0300res industrielles et diffe\u0301rentes typologies d\u2019acteurs (Grands groupes, PME, startups, laboratoires de recherche, universite\u0301s, institutionnels) devient cruciale, ainsi que le partage d\u2019un socle horizontal fe\u0301de\u0301rateur pour la norme, comme propose\u0301 dans la strate\u0301gie de normalisation franc\u0327aise en IA (AFNOR).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nL\u2019effort devra donc e\u0302tre autant sectoriel (sante\u0301, ae\u0301ronautique, e\u0301ducation, etc.) pour refle\u0301ter les spe\u0301cificite\u0301s et les besoins des filie\u0300res et de leurs cas d\u2019usage, que trans-sectoriel pour faciliter l\u2019e\u0301mergence d\u2019un e\u0301cosyste\u0300me de confiance complet (outils d\u2019inge\u0301nierie, re\u0301gulation, certification, contro\u0302le, enque\u0302te, etc.). Plusieurs fili\u00e8res industrielles travaillent d\u2019ores et de\u0301ja\u0300 a\u0300 normer leurs usages d\u2019une IA responsable, fiable et su\u0302re. D\u00e8s 2019, le secteur de l\u2019ae\u0301ronautique a de\u0301marre\u0301 des travaux avec l\u2019EUROCAE\/SAE, puis publie\u0301 une premie\u0300re feuille de route en 2021. En 2019, la National Medical Products Administrations chinoise publie son guide d\u2019inte\u0301gration de l\u2019IA en sante\u0301. En 2020, les assureurs ame\u0301ricains ont adopte\u0301 les principes de l\u2019OCDE sur l\u2019IA, et les banques ame\u0301ricaines ont commence\u0301 leurs discussions de formalisation de\u0301but 2021. En octobre 2022, c\u2019est au tour de l\u2019Office of Science and Technology Policy de la Maison Blanche d\u2019annoncer une proposition de \u00ab AI Bill of Rights \u00bb pour encadrer les usages d\u2019IA potentiellement nuisibles pour la socie\u0301te\u0301.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nDans le me\u0302me temps, les travaux s\u2019intensifient au niveau des instances de normalisation europe\u0301ennes (CEN \/ CENELEC) ou internationales (ISO, IEEE). Plusieurs pays, comme la France et l\u2019Allemagne, ont e\u0301galement publie\u0301 des strate\u0301gies de normalisation pour parvenir a\u0300 re\u0301pondre a\u0300 cet enjeu, dans des de\u0301lais contraints.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nDepuis ses de\u0301buts, l\u2019Europe a su se positionner dans les organes de normalisation des grandes filie\u0300res industrielles, comme l\u2019ae\u0301ronautique ou la sante\u0301. E\u0301tant donne\u0301 la nature transverse et donc trans-sectorielle de l\u2019IA, une \u00ab technologie d\u2019usage ge\u0301ne\u0301ral \u00bb, nous devons nous donner les moyens de peser au sein des instances normatives concerne\u0301es et e\u0301viter de laisser d\u2019autres pays ou les grands acteurs du nume\u0301rique de\u0301cider seuls des standards.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\nNous recommandons donc de soutenir la politique engage\u0301e par la Commission europe\u0301enne faisant de la normalisation une priorite\u0301 strat\u00e9gique et de de souverainete\u0301 industrielle et nume\u0301rique, ainsi que la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019un label europe\u0301en d\u2019IA de confiance. Nous soutenons \u00e9galement dans ce rapport \u00ab IA de confiance \u00bb command\u00e9 par France 2030 \u00e0 Digital New Deal, de promouvoir des bacs a\u0300 sable re\u0301glementaires (sandboxes) suivant les crite\u0300res promulgue\u0301s par l\u2019OCDE afin de ne pas se priver d\u2019un dispositif qui par son agilite\u0301, a contrario des ide\u0301es rec\u0327ues, aide a\u0300 garantir la future mise en \u0153uvre de la re\u0301glementation, et donc la protection des citoyens europe\u0301ens.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Patrick Bezombes<\/strong>, Pre\u0301sident du comite\u0301 de normalisation IA et Big Data<br \/>\n<strong> Julien Chiaroni<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thedigitalnewdeal.org\/ia-de-confiance-opportunite-strategique-pour-une-souverainete-industrielle-et-numerique\/\">IA de confiance : opportunit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique pour une souverainet\u00e9 industrielle et num\u00e9rique<\/a>, Digital New Deal.<\/p>\n<p>Article publi\u00e9 le 24 novembre par Acteurs Publics : <a href=\"https:\/\/acteurspublics.fr\/articles\/digital-new-deal-il-faut-definir-les-normes-technologiques-pas-les-subir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/acteurspublics.fr\/articles\/digital-new-deal-il-faut-definir-les-normes-technologiques-pas-les-subir<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; 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single_width=&#8221;12&#8243; single_overlay_opacity=&#8221;90&#8243; single_image_color_anim=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_h_align_mobile=&#8221;center&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_semantic=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_title_family=&#8221;font-168650&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_title_weight=&#8221;400&#8243; single_title_transform=&#8221;uppercase&#8221; single_title_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; order_ids=&#8221;20528,20518,20520,4193,4237,4225,4229,4629,4254,4252,4247,4245,4243,4241,4239,4262,4231,4233&#8243; items=&#8221;eyI1NzM2M19pIjp7InNpbmdsZV9saW5rIjoidXJsOmh0dHAlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cudGhlZGlnaXRhbG5ld2RlYWwuZXUlMkZ3cC1jb250ZW50JTJGdXBsb2FkcyUyRjIwMTclMkYwNiUyRml0dy1vbGl2aWVyLXNpY2hlbC11c2luZS1ub3V2ZWxsZS5wZGZ8dGl0bGU6aXR3LW9saXZpZXItc2ljaGVsLXVzaW5lLW5vdXZlbGxlLnBkZnx0YXJnZXQ6JTIwX2JsYW5rfCJ9LCI1NzM0OF9pIjp7InNpbmdsZV9saW5rIjoidXJsOmh0dHAlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cudGhlZGlnaXRhbG5ld2RlYWwuZXUlMkZ3cC1jb250ZW50JTJGdXBsb2FkcyUyRjIwMTclMkYwNiUyRmRvc3NpZXItdXNpbmVub3V2ZWxsZS1wb3VyLXVuLXF1aXF1ZW5uYXQtZGlnaXRhbC5wZGZ8dGl0bGU6ZG9zc2llci11c2luZW5vdXZlbGxlLXBvdXItdW4tcXVpcXVlbm5hdC1kaWdpdGFsLnBkZnx8In0sIjU3MzY3X2kiOnsic2luZ2xlX2xpbmsiOiJ1cmw6aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuZnJhbmNlY3VsdHVyZS5mciUyRmVtaXNzaW9ucyUyRnNvZnQtcG93ZXIlMkZ0cmF2YWlsLWV0LW51bWVyaXF1ZS1sYS1wbHVwYXJ0LWRlcy1tZXRpZXJzLWRlLWRlbWFpbi1uZXhpc3RlbnQtcGFzLWVuY29yZXx0aXRsZTp3d3cuZnJhbmNlY3VsdHVyZS5mcnx0YXJnZXQ6JTIwX2JsYW5rfCIsInNpbmdsZV9pY29uIjoiIn0sIjU3Mzc2X2kiOnsic2luZ2xlX2xpbmsiOiJ1cmw6aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cubWFkZHluZXNzLmNvbSUyRmlubm92YXRpb24lMkYyMDE3JTJGMDIlMkYyNyUyRnByZXNpZGVudGllbGxlLTIwMTctZGlnaXRhbC1uZXctZGVhbC1mb3VuZGF0aW9uJTJGfHRpdGxlOm1hZGR5bmVzcy5jb218dGFyZ2V0OiUyMF9ibGFua3wifSwiNTczODNfaSI6eyJzaW5nbGVfbGluayI6InVybDpodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5jaGFsbGVuZ2VzLmZyJTJGbWVkaWElMkZkaWdpdGFsJTJGcHJlc2lkZW50aWVsbGUtMjAxNy1sZXMtY2FuZGlkYXRzLWludGVycGVsbGVzLXN1ci1sLWF2ZW5pci1kdS1udW1lcmlxdWVfNDU2NjM2fHRpdGxlOmNoYWxsZW5nZXMuZnJ8dGFyZ2V0OiUyMF9ibGFua3wifSwiNTczODlfaSI6eyJzaW5nbGVfbGluayI6InVybDpodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5uZXh0aW5wYWN0LmNvbSUyRm5ld3MlMkYxMDMzODQtcHJlc2lkZW50aWVsbGUtZm9uZGF0aW9uLXByb3Bvc2UtcGFjdGUtbnVtZXJpcXVlLXBvdXItcGVzZXItZGFucy1lbGVjdGlvbi5odG18dGl0bGU6bmV4dGlucGFjdC5jb218dGFyZ2V0OiUyMF9ibGFua3wifSwiNTg2NzJfaSI6eyJzaW5nbGVfbGluayI6InVybDpodHRwJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3LmxpbmZvcm1hdGljaWVuLmNvbSUyRmFjdHVhbGl0ZXMlMkZpZCUyRjQzMjAxJTJGcHJlc2lkZW50aWVsbGUtdW5lLWZvbmRhdGlvbi1wcm9wb3NlLXVuLXBhY3RlLW51bWVyaXF1ZS1hdXgtY2FuZGlkYXRzLmFzcHh8dGl0bGU6bGluZm9ybWF0aWNpZW4uY29tfHRhcmdldDolMjBfYmxhbmt8In0sIjU4Njc4X2kiOnsic2luZ2xlX2xpbmsiOiJ1cmw6aHR0cCUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5ldXJvcGUxLmZyJTJGZW1pc3Npb25zJTJGZXVyb3BlLTEtbWlkaTIlMkZldXJvcGUtbWlkaS1tYXhpbWUtc3dpdGVrLTIxMDIxNy0yOTg0MDgxfHRpdGxlOmV1cm9wZTEuZnJ8dGFyZ2V0OiUyMF9ibGFua3wifX0=&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Certains acteurs politiques et industriels critiquent la normalisation, allant pour les Britanniques jusqu\u2019\u00e0 justifier du Brexit du fait des contraintes normatives Europ\u00e9ennes et du besoin de souverainet\u00e9. C\u2019est oublier un peu rapidement que la normalisation est d\u2019une part essentielle \u00e0 la construction de la confiance et aux \u00e9changes \u00e9conomiques dans les pays modernes, et d\u2019autre part que la normalisation est le r\u00e9sultat d\u2019un consensus auquel chaque acteur peut contribuer. De fait, la normalisation n\u2019est pas un objet \u00e9th\u00e9r\u00e9 qui tombe du ciel, mais le r\u00e9sultat d\u2019un processus ouvert \u00e0 toutes les organisations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":57342,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62415","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>D\u00e9finir les normes, pas les subir. - Digital New Deal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Certains acteurs politiques et industriels critiquent la normalisation, allant pour les Britanniques 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